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Expressing purpose, means, basis, and adherence to rules
What each pattern means, when to use it, and the mistakes that cost marks in the exam.
A formal expression used to state a purpose or intention in written language. It implies the subject is taking action with a strong, conscious goal. The subject of both clauses must be the same.
Common mistakes
Expresses a strong, often noble or serious purpose. It is a very formal literary expression that originates from archaic Japanese. 'Suru' becomes 'sen'.
Common mistakes
A variation of 'n ga tame' with the particle 'ni'. It functions the same way, expressing a profound purpose or goal in highly formal or literary contexts.
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Indicates that someone is using a seemingly valid reason (the pretext) to hide their true motive or to do something unrelated. Usually has a critical nuance.
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Used when following established rules, laws, traditions, or patterns. It focuses on formal standards or precedents.
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Indicates that something is done following facts, experience, or reality. It emphasizes staying true to the actual situation rather than abstract theories.
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Used when making a judgment by comparing a situation with a standard, law, past experience, or common sense.
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Indicates that something happens through a third party, medium, or intermediary. It often implies a person or a specific system acting as a bridge.
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Indicates a means, method, or a specific point in time when something ends. Very formal and often used in announcements or official documents.
Common mistakes
Adaptive practice
Our adaptive engine will quiz you on these 9 grammar patterns and track which ones you need to review most.