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Expressing inclusion, exclusion, and listing with emphasis
What each pattern means, when to use it, and the mistakes that cost marks in the exam.
Indicates that regardless of which option is chosen (A or B), the outcome or rule remains the same. Often used with contrasting pairs or related categories.
Common mistakes
Used to state that if something obvious (A) is the case, then something more extreme (B) is even more so. Often followed by particles like 'mo', 'sae', or 'made' and typically carries a negative or critical nuance.
Common mistakes
A is already widely recognized or understood, but the speaker wants to emphasize that B is also true and perhaps even more important.
Common mistakes
Used to give two or more options as examples for someone to choose from. Often followed by a suggestion, command, or expression of intent.
Common mistakes
Indicates that something is not confined to a certain range, but extends further. Often used in formal or journalistic contexts.
Common mistakes
A formal and literary way to say 'not only'. It is often used in writing or formal speeches to add information that matches the existing context.
Common mistakes
Emphasizes that the specified person or thing is the absolute best or the only one possible. Always followed by a negative expression like 'nai'.
Common mistakes
Used when describing or evaluating something by citing two illustrative aspects. It usually carries the speaker's assessment (positive or negative) of the whole object.
Common mistakes
Emphasizes that something applies to the entire range or time by naming two specific points. It implies 'no distinction' or 'everything/everyone'.
Common mistakes
Adaptive practice
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