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Expressing relationships, viewpoints, and perspectives on topics
What each pattern means, when to use it, and the mistakes that cost marks in the exam.
Used to express a topic or subject being discussed, researched, or investigated. It is more formal than '～について' and often appears in news, reports, or professional settings. The noun-modifying form is '～に関する'.
Common mistakes
Used when someone does something to satisfy or act upon expectations, requests, or cheers. Typical nouns used are 期待 (expectations), 要望 (requests), or 歓声 (cheers).
Common mistakes
Used when something is done using data, facts, laws, or a philosophy as a firm foundation or source of authority. It is more formal and specific than 'をもとに'.
Common mistakes
1. Physically along a line (river, road). 2. Following a manual, plan, or guideline without deviation. It emphasizes following a pre-existing path or standard.
Common mistakes
Has two main uses: 1. Directed behavior/attitude towards a target. 2. Comparison between two contrasting things. For the second meaning, it is often attached to '文 + の'.
Common mistakes
Used when multiple people or groups are involved in a dispute, discussion, or competition over a specific issue. It implies a 'circle' of conflicting opinions or interests around a central point. The noun-modifying form is '～をめぐる'.
Common mistakes
Used when creating something new (a story, product, etc.) using something else as raw material, a hint, or inspiration. It focuses on the 'source' rather than 'authority'.
Common mistakes
Adaptive practice
Our adaptive engine will quiz you on these 7 grammar patterns and track which ones you need to review most.