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Expressing basis for judgment and viewpoints for evaluation
What each pattern means, when to use it, and the mistakes that cost marks in the exam.
Used to limit the scope of a statement to a specific field or category (e.g., law, health, theory). When modifying a noun, use ～上の; for adverbial use, use ～上. Formation: Noun + 上の + N / N + 上.
Common mistakes
Used to express an opinion or judgment from a specific standpoint, such as cost, ability, or status. It focuses on the criteria for judgment. Formation: Noun + からいうと / からいえば.
Common mistakes
Used when describing a judgment or impression from someone else's perspective or an external viewpoint. It often implies how something looks to an observer. Formation: Noun + からみると / からみれば.
Common mistakes
Used to provide a single example that suggests the whole situation is a certain way, or to make a judgment based on an initial observation. It often carries a negative nuance when implying that even the basics are bad. Formation: Noun + からして.
Common mistakes
Adaptive practice
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