JLPT N4 Grammar
· Elementary
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and; what's more (listing reasons)
Category: Particles & Connectors
The grammar pattern "Plain form + し" is used to list multiple reasons for a conclusion or to describe multiple characteristics of a person or thing, implying there might be even more. It is often used in situations where the speaker wants to emphasize the multiple aspects of something. For example, "この店は料理もいいし、サービスもいいです。" translates to "This restaurant has good food and good service." The use of "し" implies that there might be other good aspects of the restaurant as well.
| Form | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Plain form of a verb | Plain form + し | Plain form + し |
| Plain form of an adjective | Plain form + し | Plain form + し |
| Plain form of a noun | Plain form + し | Plain form + し |
この店は料理もいいし、サービスもいいです。
Kono mise wa ryouri mo ii shi, sābisu mo ii desu.
This restaurant has good food and good service.
この店は (This restaurant is)料理もいいし (has good food and)サービスもいいです (has good service).
今日は雨も降りし、寒いから、出かけたくないです。
Kyou wa ame mo furu shi, samui kara, dekaketai desu.
Today it's raining and cold, so I don't want to go out.
今日は (Today is)雨も降りし (raining and)寒いから (because it's cold)出かけたくないです (don't want to go out).
あの人は頭もいいし、親切です。
Ano hito wa atama mo ii shi, shinsetsu desu.
That person is intelligent and kind.
あの人は (That person is)頭もいいし (intelligent and)親切です (kind).
This pattern is used to list multiple reasons or characteristics, and is often used in informal situations. It can be used with both verbs and adjectives. However, it's worth noting that this pattern is not suitable for all situations, and other patterns such as "と" or "が" may be more appropriate in certain contexts.
The pattern "te" is used for simple sequence or connection, whereas "し" is used to list multiple reasons or characteristics.
I-adjectives do not use the "da" form, but instead use the plain form to describe a characteristic.
All items listed with "し" must use the same plain form style, whether it's a verb, adjective, or noun.
When using this pattern in the JLPT exam, make sure to pay attention to the context and the type of words being used. Also, be careful not to confuse this pattern with other patterns such as "te" or "da".
この店は料理も______し、サービスもいいです。
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