N2Cause & Reason

V（普）・Nである + からには / 以上（は）

Q: Is "Using this pattern with natural phenomena (e.g. '雨が降ったからには…')" correct?

No. The correct form is "Use the pattern 'node' instead (e.g. '雨が降ったので…')". This pattern is not suitable for expressing natural phenomena, as it implies a sense of responsibility or commitment. Instead, use the pattern 'node' to indicate a cause or reason.

Q: Is "Confusing this pattern with 'kara to itte' (just because)" correct?

No. The correct form is "Use the correct pattern to indicate a cause or reason". This pattern is used to express a decision, determination, or obligation that follows a known fact, whereas 'kara to itte' is used to indicate a cause or reason without implying a sense of responsibility or commitment.

Q: Is "Incorrect noun formation (forgetting 'dearu')" correct?

No. The correct form is "Use the correct polite form of the noun (e.g. 'プロである')". This pattern requires the polite form of the noun, which is often forgotten in informal writing or speaking.

Now that; since

Definition

Meaning

This grammar pattern is used to express a decision, determination, or obligation that follows a known fact. It is often used in situations where a consequence or a next step is implied. The pattern typically consists of a verb in the polite form (V(普)), followed by a noun (N) in the polite form (である), and then a phrase indicating the reason or cause (からには / 以上は). This pattern is commonly used in formal or polite language, and is often found in written Japanese or in formal spoken Japanese.

Structure

Formation Rules

Form	Pattern	Example
Verb form: て-form (te-form)	V(普) + Nである + からには	約束したからには、最後までやり遂げなければならない
Verb form: て-form (te-form)	V(普) + Nである + 以上は	試合に出るからには、優勝を目指そう
Verb form: て-form (te-form)	V(普) + Nである + からには / 以上は + べきだ	プロであるからには、どんな仕事でも全力で取り組むべきだ

Examples

Example Sentences

約束したからには、最後までやり遂げなければならない。

Yakusoku shita kara niha, saigo made yari tsukimashite aru beki nai.

Now that we've made a promise, we must see it through to the end.

約束した (we've made a promise) + からには (now that) + 最後まで (to the end) + やり遂げなければ (must see it through) + ならない (cannot be omitted)

試合に出るからには、優勝を目指そう。

Taikai ni deru kara niha, yūshō o mezashou.

Now that we're in the game, let's aim for victory.

試合に出る (we're in the game) + からには (now that) + 優勝を目指そう (let's aim for victory)

プロであるからには、どんな仕事でも全力で取り組むべきだ。

Puro de aru kara niha, donna shigoto demo zenryoku de torikumu beki da.

As a professional, we must commit ourselves fully to any job.

プロである (we are professionals) + からには (now that) + どんな仕事でも (any job) + 全力で (fully) + 取り組むべきだ (must commit ourselves)

Context

Usage Notes

This pattern is used to express a decision, determination, or obligation that follows a known fact. It is often used in formal or polite language, and is commonly found in written Japanese or in formal spoken Japanese. This pattern can be used to express a sense of responsibility or commitment, and is often used in situations where a consequence or a next step is implied.

Watch out

Common Mistakes

Using this pattern with natural phenomena (e.g. '雨が降ったからには…')

Use the pattern 'node' instead (e.g. '雨が降ったので…')

This pattern is not suitable for expressing natural phenomena, as it implies a sense of responsibility or commitment. Instead, use the pattern 'node' to indicate a cause or reason.

Confusing this pattern with 'kara to itte' (just because)

Use the correct pattern to indicate a cause or reason

This pattern is used to express a decision, determination, or obligation that follows a known fact, whereas 'kara to itte' is used to indicate a cause or reason without implying a sense of responsibility or commitment.

Incorrect noun formation (forgetting 'dearu')

Use the correct polite form of the noun (e.g. 'プロである')

This pattern requires the polite form of the noun, which is often forgotten in informal writing or speaking.

Strategy

JLPT Exam Tips

When using this pattern in the JLPT exam, be sure to use the correct polite form of the verb and noun, and to indicate a clear cause or reason for the decision, determination, or obligation. Pay attention to the nuances of the pattern and use it correctly to express the intended meaning.

In context