JLPT N1 Grammar
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Leaving something in a state
Category: State and Appearance
The grammar pattern "V-stem + っぱなし" is used to indicate that something is left in a state after an action, often with negative results. This pattern can also be used to describe a state that continues for a long time. The focus is on the state being left unchanged, rather than the action itself. It's essential to understand the nuance of this pattern to accurately convey the intended meaning.
| Form | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| V-stem (Volitional verbs only) | V-stem + っぱなし | 開け (ake) + っぱなし (ppanashi) = 開けっぱなし |
| V-stem (Volitional verbs only) | V-stem + っぱなし (with emphasis on the state) | 立ち (tachi) + っぱなし (ppanashi) = 立ちっぱなし |
| V-stem (Volitional verbs only) | V-stem + っぱなし (with emphasis on the state continuing for a long time) | 脱ぎ (nugui) + っぱなし (ppanashi) = 脱ぎっぱなし |
ドアを開けっぱなしにしておくと、虫が入ってくるよ。
Doa o akeppanashi ni shite okuto, mushi ga hairu yo.
If you leave the door open, insects will come in.
ドアを開けっぱなし (door left open)
昨日は立ちっぱなしの仕事だったので、足がパンパンだ。
Kinō wa tachippanashi no shigoto datta node, ashi ga panpan da.
Yesterday's work was so tiring that my legs are swollen.
立ちっぱなし (standing for a long time)
彼は自分の服を脱ぎっぱなしにする癖があり、妻に叱られている。
Kare wa jibun no fuku o nugippanashi ni suru aji ga aru node, tsuma ni saawarete imasu.
He has a habit of leaving his clothes off, and his wife scolds him.
脱ぎっぱなし (leaving clothes off)
この問題は解きっぱなしにして、次の問題に進んだ。
Kono mondai wa tokai ppanshi ni shite, tsugi no mondai ni tsukimatta.
I left the problem unsolved and moved on to the next one.
解きっぱなし (leaving a problem unsolved)
This pattern is used to describe a state that continues for a long time or is left unchanged after an action. It's essential to use volitional verbs to form the V-stem. The pattern is often used in negative contexts, but it can also be used to describe a state that continues for a long time. Compare with 'ta mama' (more neutral) and 'panashi' (must be 'ppanashi').
Non-volitional verbs do not form the correct V-stem, which is essential for this pattern.
The correct spelling is 'ppanashi', not 'panashi'.
'Ta mama' is more neutral and does not convey the same meaning as 'ppanashi'.
Pay attention to the volitional verbs used to form the V-stem. Make sure to use the correct spelling 'ppanashi'. Be aware of the nuance of this pattern and use it correctly to convey the intended meaning.
ドアを開け______にしておくと、虫が入ってくるよ。
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