JLPT N1 Grammar
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Category: Condition and Hypothesis
The grammar pattern '名＋なしに（は） / なしでは' is used to indicate that an action is performed or a state exists without something that is usually expected or required. It often follows 'permission', 'notice', or 'warning'. In the form '～なしには...ない', it indicates an indispensable condition. This pattern emphasizes the absence of something that is normally present or required, and it can be used to express a sense of surprise, regret, or warning. For example, '許可なしに、' means 'without permission,' and '前触れなしに、' means 'without warning.'
| Form | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Formal or polite verb form | 名＋なしに（は） | 許可なしに、 |
| Formal or polite verb form | 名＋なしでは | 前触れなしでは |
| Formal or polite verb form | 名＋なしには...ない | 許可なしには行くことができない |
許可なしに、この区域に立ち入ることは固く禁じられている。
Mikanashi ni, kono kūhiki ni tachiai wa katai ni kinjite iru.
Entering this area without permission is strictly forbidden.
許可なしに (without permission) + この区域に立ち入ることは (entering this area is) + 固く禁じられている (strictly forbidden)
前触れなしに、突如として大地震が街を襲った。
Zenjaku nashi ni, tōjiru toshi ni dai jishin ga machi o osou.
Without warning, a massive earthquake suddenly struck the city.
前触れなしに (without warning) + 突如として (suddenly) + 大地震が (a massive earthquake) + 街を襲った (struck the city)
IT技術の進歩なしでは、現代社会の利便性は語れない。
IT gijutsu no shinkō nashi de wa, gendai shakai no riyōsei wa katare nai.
Without the progress of IT technology, the convenience of modern society cannot be explained.
IT技術の進歩なしでは (without the progress of IT technology) + 現代社会の利便性は (the convenience of modern society is) + 語れない (cannot be explained)
This pattern is used to indicate the absence of something that is normally present or required. It is often used in formal or polite language. It can be used to express a sense of surprise, regret, or warning. In the form '～なしには...ない', it indicates an indispensable condition.
～ことなしに is used to indicate that something is done without a particular thing, whereas ～なしに is used to indicate the absence of something that is normally present or required.
～ないで and ～ずに are used in more casual language, whereas ～なしに is used in formal or polite language.
The correct usage of 'ni' and 'wa' is crucial in this pattern. 'Ni' is used to indicate the absence of something, whereas 'wa' is used to add emphasis to the necessity.
Pay attention to the formal or polite language used in this pattern. Make sure to use the correct verb form and the correct usage of 'ni' and 'wa'.
許可______、この区域に立ち入ることは固く禁じられている。
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